СОССЮР ФЕРДИНАНД
Жизнь швейцарского учёного Фердинанда де Соссюра (1857-1813), внешне небогатая событиями, была полна внутреннего драматизма. К концу жизни все, включая самого учёного, считали его неудачником, ярко начавшим карьеру, но не оправдавшим надежд. Через несколько лет после смерти к Фердинанду де Соссюру пришла всемирная слава благодаря книге, которую он не писал и не собирался писать.
Фердинанд де Соссюр родился во франкоязычной части Швейцарии недалеко от Женевы в семье, давшей миру выдающихся учёных, главным образом геологов и биологов. Интерес юноши к языку и его законам определил выбор университета. В 70-х годах 19 века главной областью занятий Соссюра считалась индоевропеистика, а все лучшие учёные работали в Лейпциге. И Соссюр поехал туда учиться. Он очень быстро овладел всеми премудростями индоевропейского языка и в 20 лет (случай небывалый в мировой лингвистике) написал большую по объёму и важную по значению книгу «Мемуар о первоначальной системе гласных в индоевропейских языках», которая была издана в 1879 году. В ней Соссюр предложил совершенно новые, опережавшие время идеи. Исходя лишь из соображений системности языка, он выдвинул гипотезу о существовании в праиндоевропейском языке особых фонем, которые не сохранились ни в одном известном языке, но повлияли на произношение соседних гласных. Соссюр назвал эти фонемы ларингалами (от греческого глотка). Уже после смерти Фердинанда де Соссюра оказалось, что во вновь открытом хеттском языке, одном из древнейших известных нам индоевропейских, ещё сохранялся один из ларингалов. Кстати, именно из этой книги Иван Александрович Бодуэн де Куртенэ взял термин «фонема», придав ему новый смысл.
Однако книга принесла Соссюру не только известность, но и много неприятностей. Ведущие учёные Германии не приняли идей Фердинанда де Соссюра, сочтя их слишком смелыми. Его труд подвергли уничтожающей критике. Защитив диссертацию, Соссюр покинул негостеприимную Германию и переехал в Париж, где работал более десяти лет, а затем вернулся в родную Женеву и до конца жизни преподавал в Женевском университете. Соссюр написал немного, а опубликовал ещё меньше.
Юношеский труд остался единственной изданной при жизни книгой. Ранняя известность была забыта. Умер Фердинанд де Соссюр сравнительно рано. А в 1916 году, через три года после его кончины, появился «Курс общей лингвистики», обессмертивший его имя. Фердинанд де Соссюр не собирался издавать книгу пока
его идеи не приобретут «завершённые формы». Лишь под конец жизни Соссюр стал вести курс общей лингвистики. Он трижды прочёл этот курс, импровизируя перед студентами и часто придумывая что-то новое на ходу. Например, на одной лекции он сказал студентам: «Давайте зачеркнём термины «понятие» и «акустический знак» и заменим их на «означаемое» и «означающее».
Сегодня без двух последних терминов невозможно представить лингвистику. Когда Фердинанд де Соссюр умер, двое его коллег по университету, – крупные лингвисты Шарль Балли и Альбер Сеше решили в память о нём издать этот курс. Они собрали у студентов конспекты, свели на основе их трижды прочитанный курс в один, кое-что добавили от себя и издали труд под именем старшего коллеги, хотя авторов на самом деле было трое.
«Курс общей лингвистики» Фердинанда де Соссюра очень скоро стал известен во всём мире и был переведён на многие языки. Часто его называют важнейшим лингвистическим трудом 20 века. Самое большое впечатление произвели три идеи Соссюра: о разграничении языка и речи, языке как системе знаков и различии синхронии и диахронии. Языкознание 20 века убедилось в коренном различии между двумя понятиями, предложенными Фердинандом де Соссюром, – языком и речью. Перед лингвистами встал вопрос: является ли текст явлением языка или речи? Где его место? В своё время Соссюр сравнивал людей со словарями. Можно провести аналогию между людьми и текстами: каждый из них неповторим. Также неповторим и важнейший лингвистический труд Фердинанда де Соссюра.
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