Части речи

Части речи – классы слов языка, выделяемые на основании общности их синтаксических, морфологических и семантических свойств. Различают знаменательные части речи (существительное, глагол, прилагательное, наречие) и служебные части речи (союз, предлог, частицы, артикль). К знаменательным частям речи традиционно относят также числительные и местоимения.

При типологическом анализе к одной части речи относят слова, способные стоять в предложении в одинаковых синтаксических позициях или выполнять одинаковые синтаксические функции . Например, одним из признаков, различающих существительное и глагол в русском языке, является возможность быть главным членом атрибутивной конструкции с прилагательным. При этом важен не только набор синтаксических функций, но и степень характерности каждой из функций для данной части речи. Эти функции распадаются на первичные и вторичные (связанные с определёнными морфологическими и синтаксическими ограничениями). Так, в русском языке, и существительное и глагол могут выступать как в функции подлежащего, так и в функции сказуемого. Однако для глаголов функция сказуемого первична, а функция подлежащего вторична. Для существительного функция подлежащего первична, а сказуемого – вторична. Существительное может быть подлежащим при сказуемом любого типа, тогда как глагол не может выступать в качестве подлежащего при сказуемом, выраженным глаголом в личной форме. Синтаксические функции определяют и разделение на классы служебных слов (служебных частей речи).

Каждая часть речи характеризуется особой системой грамматических категорий. Будучи выражены морфологически, наборы грамматических категорий охватывают все слова данной части речи или основное ядро этих слов. На этом основан морфологический критерий выделения частей речи в неаморфных языках. Так, в русском языке существительному свойственны число, падеж и род, прилагательному – степени сравнения, число, падеж и род. При морфологической классификации выделяются формы, совмещающие в себе морфологические признаки разных частей речи ( например, причастия, обладающие морфологическими признаками глагола и имени).

Распределение слов по частям речи во всех языках подчиняется определённым семантическим закономерностям, которые служат основанием для семантической характеристики частей речи. Эта закономерность позволяет говорить об общем значении предметности у существительных как части речи. Точно так же для глагола устанавливается общее значение действия или состояния, для прилагательного – качества, для наречия – признака действия и качества.

Проблема, касающаяся сущности частей речи и принципов их выделения в различных языках мира, – одна из более дискуссионных проблем общего языкознания. Этот вопрос остаётся дискуссионным и в наши дни.

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